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Subaru astronomers measure meteoroid tunnels in earth's atmosphere |
| TheAllINeed.com |
(NC&T/ST) Researchers from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the University of Tokyo, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the University of Electro-Communication, the RIKEN research institute, and Nagano National College of Technology have evaluated the diameters of the heated tunnels left behind as typical sporadic meteors as penetrated the upper atmosphere, scattering atmospheric atoms and releasing photons of light. The team compared the number of special photons produced as a meteoroid collided with the atmospheric atoms and found a typical column width as narrow as a few millimeters across. This is the first time the width of a meteor track column has been precisely measured using a physical analysis of the light emitted during the event.
The study was the result of an observation run at Subaru on the nights of 12-15 August, 2004. During that time, observers imaging the Andromeda galaxy using Subaru's Suprime-Cam noticed a number of meteoroid tracks traversing the field of view of the camera. As M31 is fairly close to the radiant of the Perseid meteor shower (which peaked just before the start of the observation) observers took a detailed look at the tracks.
Since Subaru Telescope focuses at infinity, meteors shining at 75 miles above Earth's surface are considerably out of focus. Artificial satellites orbiting at altitudes 300 to 12,000 miles) are also out of focus, but not as much. Figure 1 shows typical tracks of a meteor and a satellite. The angular size distribution of all the measured tracks during the observation indicates a distinct separation of meteors from satellites is feasible just from their track widths. Satellite tracks often show periodic luminosity variation since the rotation of their solar panel produces the change in their reflected light.
During the 19 hour-long CCD exposures, 55 tracks were recorded. Among them were 13 meteor tracks. Only one was from the radiant of the Perseid meteor shower. Another was associated with the Aquarid meteor shower. Most of the remaining meteor tracks were from sporadic meteoroids. The actual size of meteoroids studied in the current observation was estimated to be between 0.1 and 1 millimeters (derived from their luminosity).
The physical analysis of the tracks was carried out by team member Professor Masanori Iye, who took a close look at "forbidden line" photons of neutral oxygen atoms radiating at 558 nanometers (nm). These special photons are generated when a high-speed meteoroid (or atoms hit and accelerated by the meteoroid) collide directly with the neutral oxygen atoms. The collision "excites" the oxygen atoms (in other words, the state of the electron orbiting around the oxygen nucleus is elevated to a higher energy orbit). At 0.7 seconds after the collision, on average, the atoms drop back down to their normal state. In this process, they release the special 558-nm "forbidden line" photons.
 | | A model of a meteoroid shows it entering the upper atmosphere at 75 miles at high speed and colliding with nitrogen atoms (in blue (Photo: Subaru T.) |
Typical meteoroid spectra show that these special "forbidden line" photons make up about 10% of the total photons measured through the yellow V-band filter on Suprime-Cam. Therefore, by measuring the number of total photons recorded in the CCD images of meteor tracks, one can calculate the total number of forbidden photons. This requires the same number of collisions of neutral oxygen atoms. Since the volume density of the neutral oxygen atoms at 75 miles is known, and the speed of meteoroids can be estimated, it is possible to calculate the cross section of the column to produce the same number of collisions. Calculations for four meteor events observed in V-band yielded the column diameter of a few millimeters.
Interestingly, the 0.7-second time span at which the neutral oxygen recovers their ordinary state by releasing the "forbidden line" photons is an extremely long time for atomic processes, and the excited oxygen atoms hover about 300 meter away from the collision column during that time. Therefore, the width of the "forbidden line" trail ([OI] wake) is much wider than the main body width of the meteors as derived in the present study.
By focusing the Subaru Telescope to the altitude of meteors, one can make highly sensitive imaging observation of faint meteors and further study the population of micro-meteoroids.
The results of this study were published in the August 25, 2007 issue of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan.
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